Charismatic Theology - 2760 Words

The charismatic movement1 began within the historic churches in the 1950s. On the American scene it started to attract broad attention in 1960, with the national publicity given to the ministry of the Reverend Dennis Bennett, an Episcopalian in Van Nuys, California. Since then there has been a continuing growth of the movement within many of the mainline churches: first, such Protestant churches as Episcopal, Lutheran, and Presbyterian; second, the Roman Catholic (beginning in 1967); and third, the Greek Orthodox (beginning about 1971).2 by now the charismatic movement has become worldwide and has participants in many countries As one involved in the movement since 1965, I should like to set forth a brief profile of it.3 A profile of the†¦show more content†¦The Pentecostal/Charismatic movement is heavily splintered; the number of groups within this movement number in the tens of thousands. We can, however, examine the major groups of the movement. Pentecostalism and its offshoots can be divided into three groups: â€Å"Classical† Pentecostals, those who are members of the standard Pentecostal groups, most of which originated in the first quarter of the twentieth century; the Charismatics, or those in other denominations who received the â€Å"baptism of the Holy Spirit;† and the so-called â€Å"Neo-Charismatics,† the groups formed in the last half of the century, most of which are not affiliated with the Pentecostal denominations. We will examine the â€Å"classical† Pentecostal groups in more detail; it will suffice to say for the Charismatics that they are present in the majority of the denominations of Christendom, normally having their own associations as part of their denominations â€Å" We must first examine the â€Å"pre-Pentecostal† era, the time before 1901. Many churches received the message of the Holiness movement, which stemmed from Wesleyan theology. Many of these groups were looking forward to a â€Å"renewal of the Holy Spirit,† when the gifts present on the day of Pentecost would return to the churches. Many of these Holiness groups became Pentecostal after the turn of theShow MoreRelatedCharismatic Theology Essay3541 Words   |  15 PagesResearch Paper Of â€Å"A Select Issue in Contemporary Theology: Charismatic Theology. THEO 510-C03 LUO (Fall 2012) Survey of Christian Doctrine Dr. Eunice Abogunrin, Professor Liberty Baptist Theological Seminary Carol H. Montgomery (ID# 24993689) November 11, 2012 CONTENTS COVER PAGE 1 CONTENTS 2 THESIS 3 INTRODUCTION 3 CHARSMATIC GIFTS DEBATE 3-12 CONCLUSION 12 BIBLIOGRAPHY 13 INTRODUCTION This research paper will show that biblical referred to asRead MoreThe Charismatic Theology Of St. Luke988 Words   |  4 PagesRoger Stronstad’s book The Charismatic Theology of St. Luke opens wide the vast work of the Holy Spirit within Luke’s two-part book Luke/Acts and points out Luke’s intent to present the full activity of the Holy Spirit from beginning to end. In fact, Stronstad writes, â€Å"[The] concentration of references to the Holy Spirit in the Gospel of Luke demonstrates that the topic of the Spirit is historically and theologically of more interest to Luke than it is to the other evangelists† (Stronstad 39-40)Read MoreSummary Of The Charismatic Theology Of Luke-Acts1428 Words   |  6 PagesIn The Charismatic Theology of St. Luke, Robert Stronstad adduces a succinct interpretation of the significance of Holy Spirit according to Lukan theology. He examines both the Spirit’s activity in Luke-Acts and the implications of the Gift of t he Spirit in empowering, equipping, and commissioning of God’s people for service. The text is separated into six sections covering â€Å"the Holy Spirit in Luke-Acts†, â€Å"the Holy Spirit in the Old Testament†, â€Å"the Holy Spirit in the Gospel of Luke†, â€Å"The Holy SpiritRead MoreThe Biblical Interpretation Of Exodus And Song Of Solomon 793 Words   |  4 Pagescharacteristic of Jia Yuming` s allegorical biblical interpretation, and to explore the contribution of his exegesis in Chinese Christian theology. Jia Yuming`s allegorical interpretation was influenced by several theological schools. He graduated from Presbyterian seminary, and had reformed theology background, then he influenced by pietistic theology and Charismatic movement, and then turned to allegorical exegesis. In this paper, we will use Jia Yuming` s interpretation of Exodus and Song of SolomonRead MoreGod The Spirit By Beth Felker2164 Words   |  9 Pageslives (64). This cooperative grace that Wesleyans embrace include three different manifestations of that grace: prevenient, justifying and sanctifying. The prevenient grace emphasizes the love of God that is made available to all (whereas in Reformed theology only God’s elect have access to saving grace), while the justifying grace initiates sanctification which is a life long journey towards Christian Perfection. This idea of perfection which is unique to Wesleyansism takes seriously the promise andRead MoreBook Critique -- Paul, the Spirit, and the People o f God1636 Words   |  7 PagesSYSTEMATIC THEOLOGY LIBERTY BAPTIST THEOLOGICAL SEMINARY BY EDDIE H FINCH – 22458150 LYNCHBURG, VA THEURSDAY, SEPTEMBER 19, 2013 1 In Paul, the Spirit, and the People of God, Gordon Fee outlines a theology of the Spirit in the Divine Trinity, the basis within Scripture for the experience of the Spirit, and the interaction of the two. Fee, a Pentecostal scholar, â€Å"redefines the terms of discussion about the Holy Spirit in a way that transcends today’s paradigm of ‘charismatic’ or ‘non-charismatic’Read MoreUnusual Phenomena That Took Place Under God s Divine Spirit1593 Words   |  7 Pageshe notes, â€Å"People encounter God in Christ through the (ecclesial) fellowship of the Holy Spirit first, and then are launched on the path of purification, long before they begin theorizing about soteriology and the fall.† (Pinnock, 23). Renewal Theology/The age of Charismata According to Pinnock he states, â€Å"At Pentecost a ruptured and broken world would begin to heal. People from all over the world came together and began to understand one another. A community was formed, full of differences andRead MorePastoral Care And Pastoral Counseling Process1805 Words   |  8 Pagescounseling process What is the relationship between theology and the work of pastoral care and counseling? The theological reflection on pastoral care and the pastoral counseling process have several directions one may take. I believe that this topic is huge and I am going swam around it because it is not my subject of interest. I believed that theology is the heart which we discourse about God. But remember every one of us have its own theology sort of. Each person has some idea about the natureRead MoreMy Knowledge And Understanding Of The Holy Spirit3498 Words   |  14 PagesMy knowledge and understanding of the Holy Spirit began later than would be expected for someone who was raised in the church since birth. I grew up in a tradition that, due to fears over the exaltation of emotionality in some charismatic movements, responded by practically ignoring the third part of the Trinity. While I knew the three names that made up the Trinity, the Holy Spirit was some forgotten concept that languish ed because revealing it might lead to excess. In some ways, I think that fearRead MoreAnalysis Of Paul Basden s A Congenial Way 1500 Words   |  6 Pagesproviding an apology for charismatic worship. This worship style has an emphasis on spiritual spontaneity. Williams begins by documenting the history of the charismatic movement. From the charismatic renewal to the â€Å"Third Wave†, Williams shows the roots of this movement in an attempt to validate for worshipers today. After examining its history, Williams turns to set forth its theological heart. He states that charismatic worship is Trinitarian. Williams says, â€Å"Charismatic worship, then, finds its

Argonatica Free Essays

The epic poem highlights the hero Jason, and his quest for the Golden Fleece. According to the myth, Jason and fifty other renowned members of Greece set out for the fleece so that Jason could earn back his father’s kingdom. Jason is a particularly interesting hero because he often displays qualities of an efficient leader. We will write a custom essay sample on Argonatica or any similar topic only for you Order Now This is distinct compared to other heroes, such as Hercules, who are better known as warriors rather than leaders. Apollonius’ epic would lay the groundwork for the works of Gaius Valerius Flaccus and Virgil. The Golden Fleece was the item which Jason, with the help of the Argonauts, was forced to retrieve. The origin of the Golden Fleece begins with Phrixus and Helle, the children of Athamus, and the goddess Nephele. When Athamas remarried, the children’s stepmother, Ino, became Jealous of them and plotted to get rid of Phrixus and his sister. Ino persuaded two messengers to say that that the oracle required the sacrifice of Phrixus to restore ertility to the fields. Before Phrixus could be sacrificed, however, Nephele sent a golden ram which carried both children off through the air. Helle fell into the Hellespont, but Phrixus arrived safely at Colchis, where he married the daughter of King Aeetes. Phrixus sacrificed the ram to Zeus, and gave its pelt (the Golden Fleece) to Aeetes. Aeetes placed the fleece in an oak tree, where it remained. Then Jason’s Father Aeson, was driven from power and killed by his brother Pelias. Jason death is aked and the child is sent away to be taught by the centaur Chiron. Jason returns later to reclaim his throne. However, an oracle warns Pelias that he will die at the hands of one of his relatives and that he should be wary of a man wearing only one sandal. Pelias informs Jason that he would give up his throne if Jason would set out and retrieve the Golden Fleece. The Argonautica begins as Jason is assembling a crew for the Argo. The Argo was the boat which was built by Argos for the Journey. It was slightly larger than most ships at the time. In many ways the author Apollonius does not highlight the true heroism of Jason. Jason, through the author’s description, does not appear as heroic as he really was. The definition of a Greek tragic hero is a man who is neither a pure man nor one who receives his fate as a result of his wickedness, but because of some mistake. From this it can be derived that the tragic hero must be both mortal, and human, and one who receives his fate as a result of error rather than as retribution. In both these instances Jason is a tragic hero ecause he is neither a perfect man nor a terrible man and he dies as a result of mortal mistakes as opposed to retribution. In the case of Jason, his tragic flaw is being too dependent on others. Jason tragic end begins as a result of Medea, who kills Pelias and forces Jason to flee his father’s former kingdom after the Journey. Medea then kills Jason’s sons and flees after Jason married another woman. Apollonius does not mention this part of the myth in his epic. In this way the true entirety of the definition is not fulfilled by the epic. Argonatica By Ibeaulieu How to cite Argonatica, Papers

Dumbing Down Of Statutory Interpretation †Myassignmenthelp.Com

Question: Discuss About The Dumbing Down Of Statutory Interpretation? Answer: Introducation During the last few years the high court of Australia has endorsed without any dispute a few principles which are required to properly give meaning to legislation. Among such principles the most important is that in case the law which is applicable is expressly provided in the legislation the appropriate point to start the analysis of the law is the text of the legislation and not any common law or elaborations of the provisions by courts. In addition it has been provided by the court that for the purpose of giving meaning and bringing out the intention of the parliament in relation to a provision it would not be a correct steps towards only considering status dirty words separately. For the purpose of adopting a proper approach the meaning of the words in relation to the legislation have to be analyzed based on the fact that how search words appear in the context of the legislation. Therefore at the very least the judges must examine the total sentence along with the paragraphs and more appropriately the provisions immediately surrounding the rule for the purpose of properly giving meaning to the words of legislation[1]. In the famous case of Carr v The State of Western Australia[2] the courts not only considered the text or the legislation but also the purpose at the overall context where the text fits in the registration. This approach by the court leads to an appropriate interpretation of the legislation[3]. The judge has a fundamentally textual task of interpretative constitutional statutory of subordinate legislation. Judge should not stay very far from the text show the consideration of policy or context. The fundamental for the financial task on the task of a citizen or a lawyer with respect to the interpretation of legislation is the text. Constitutional Foundation exists in relation to the text obedience. Therefore at most relevance should be given to the text to provide meaning to the statue[4]. As per the traditional approach there are three basic rules of statutory interpretation which are divided into Golden Rule, Literal Rule and Mischief Rule. According to the interpretation act 1979 section 6A provision of an Act has to be constructed with respect to purpose of the Act and must not be exceed the powers which have been provided by the act[5]. According to the Literal rule of interpretation the words and phrases of a legislation is to be given the ordinary or dictionary meaning to bring out the intention of the parliament. According to the golden rule of Interpretation unless there is ambiguity the natural and ordinary meaning is given to statue. According to the Mischief Rule of statutory Interpretation, giving meaning to ambiguous phrase or word with respect to the legislation is done by giving relevance to the defect or mischief which the provisions seeks to rectify[6] The objective of the Act is to prevent dangerous and offensive behavior by unit and apartment residents. The Act through section 2 provides that a resident is a person who owns leases or is in-charge or the apartment. Further a business activity is defined as any action in relation to operating a commercial enterprise or activities related to customers. Section 3 of the Act states that a resident must not indulge in an action which causes offensive odors, undue noise or any annoyance to the other residents of the apartment after 10pm and before 6am and the breach of the section attracts a penalty of $400. Section 4 of the Act states that a resident should not conduct a business activity in relation to an apartment at any time, breach of the section results in a penalty of $2400. Application In this given scenario the new legislation has been brought to promote harmony between the residences along with their well being as the density of people residing in the area has increased over the last 5 years. The Act defines commercial activities as any activity which is related to customers what is in the course of business. It is specifically provided by the act that no person at any time living in the apartment is allowed to carry on a business activity. In relation to Section 4 it can be said that the words defining a business activity is not clear and ambiguous and thus the golden rule of interpretation can be used in this case. In this case it can be provided that the Legislature would not consider teaching as a commercial activity as in the society it is most of the time is a community development activity. Using the golden rule it can be stated that Kate was only teaching and having a discussion with Karam and therefore it should not be treated as a commercial activity given that the purpose of the act is to promote harmony and not unnecessary punishment for the residents. The act clearly provides that the residents must not cause undue orders after 10 p.m. before 6 A.M which would annoy The Other Apartment residence. The meaning of what can be regarded as undue has not been provided by the Act. In the given situation smoking cannot be regarded as undue odours because the smell generated from it is not so harsh that it would annoy resident living in another apartment. In addition the police only found the Astra which was overflowing but there was no proof that they have smoke all the cigarettes after 10 pm to cause the inconvenience claimed by the other resident. Conclusion Therefore considering the text, purpose and the position of the text in the context of the legislation it can be provided that Kate and Karam is not liable to be prosecuted under section 3 and 4 of the Act. References Brodie v Singleton Shire Council (2001) 206 CLR 512 Carr v The State of Western Australia [2007] HCA 47 Kelly v The Queen (2004) 218 CLR 216 Kirby M, Statutory Interpretation: The Meaning of Management [2011] Melbourne University Law Review 3; (2011) 35(1) Melbourne University Law Review 113 Nygh P and Butt P, Butterworths Concise Australian Legal Dictionary (Butterworths, 6th ed, 2011). Staszewski, Glen. "The Dumbing Down of Statutory Interpretation." (2015) [1] Kirby M, Statutory Interpretation: The Meaning of Meaning [2011] Melbourne University Law Review 3; (2011) 35(1) Melbourne University Law Review 113 [2] [2007] HCA 47 [3] Kelly v The Queen (2004) 218 CLR 216 [4] Brodie v Singleton Shire Council (2001) 206 marketing 512 [5] Staszewski, Glen. "The Dumbing Down of Statutory Interpretation." (2015). [6] Nygh P and Butt P, Butterworths Concise Australian Legal Dictionary (Butterworths, 6th ed, 2011).

30 Synonyms for Meeting

30 Synonyms for Meeting 30 Synonyms for â€Å"Meeting† 30 Synonyms for â€Å"Meeting† By Mark Nichol Humans, being social animals, have many reasons for meeting and many words to describe doing so in various degrees of formality and format. Here are thirty ways to label a meeting, depending on the particulars. 1. Assembly: a meeting for entertainment, legislation, or worship 2. Caucus: a meeting, often in a political context, to select candidates or policy 3. Clinic: a problem-solving meeting or one at which participants acquire knowledge or skills 4. Colloquium: a meeting at which experts, usually in an academic setting, give presentations on one or more topics and engage in a question-and-answer period 5. Colloquy: a serious, important meeting (also, a synonym for conversation and dialogue) 6. Conclave: a private or secret meeting, especially that of Roman Catholic cardinals convened to select a new pope, or any gathering of an organization 7. Confab: a chat, discussion, or meeting (informal usage) 8. Conference: a meeting for discussing issues or topics of interest to all participants, usually including keynote speeches and a wide variety of sessions on specific subjects 9. Congress: a meeting or session, especially of delegates to discuss and act on an issue or topic 10. Convention: a meeting to bring together representatives of a trade, profession, or interest group, or to assemble representatives of a political party to select candidates and policy 11. Convocation: a meeting of attendees called together, of a college or university’s members, or of clergy (and perhaps laypeople) 12. Council: a meeting to discuss or advise on one or more issues 13. Demonstration: an informal mass meeting, usually held outdoors on public property, to protest about or bring attention to a topic or issue 14. Forum: a meeting that involves a discussion among experts or between them and audience members 15. Gathering: a meeting (informal usage) 16. Get-together: an informal meeting 17. Huddle: a meeting (informal usage) 18. Panel: a meeting at which participants discuss a topic or issue in front of an audience 19. Palaver: a meeting, especially one between disparate parties 20. Parley: a meeting to resolve conflict or negotiate with an enemy 21. Powwow: a meeting or a social event, or a meeting to celebrate Native American culture 22. Rally: a mass meeting to inspire enthusiasm and/or action 23. Round-robin: a small meeting to discuss or decide on a topic or issue 24. Roundtable: see round-robin 25. Seminar: a meeting for disseminating and discussing information 26. Session: a meeting or series of meetings, or a portion of an extended meeting or one of various simultaneous meetings as part of a larger event 27. Summit: a meeting of high-level leaders 28. Symposium: a formal meeting at which several specialists deliver short addresses on a topic or on related topics 29. Synod: a meeting of clergy 30. Workshop: an educational meeting or program Want to improve your English in five minutes a day? Get a subscription and start receiving our writing tips and exercises daily! Keep learning! Browse the Vocabulary category, check our popular posts, or choose a related post below:The Royal Order of Adjectives 25 Russian Words Used in English (and 25 More That Should Be)10 Humorous, Derisive, or Slang Synonyms for â€Å"Leader† or â€Å"Official†

Study Guide Essay Example

Study Guide Essay Example Study Guide Essay Study Guide Essay Gas Exchange gas exchange, the uptake of oxygen from the environment and the discharge of arbor dioxide to the environment, takes place in the lungs across the surface of the alveoli [Fig. 42. 25, p 919 (Fig. 42. 24, p 919)] oxygen is transported in the blood bound to hemoglobin inside red blood cells carbon dioxide is carried out of the body in three ways: I) dissolved in blood (7%); it) bound to hemoglobin (23%); and iii) in plasma as bicarbonate ions (70%) see Figure 42. 30, p 923 (Chapter Review p 927 (p 927)) for an overview of loading and unloading of respiratory gases (- omit information on partial pressure of oxygen and carbon dioxide) Lecture 4: The Immune System Chapter 43 (43): The Immune System Recognition and response, up 929-930 (up 930-931) Innate immunity of vertebrates, up 932-934 (up 933-936) Adaptive (Acquired) immunity, up 935-944 (up 936-945) 5 two major defense mechanisms in the body: Innate immunity and Adaptive (Acquired) immunity Innate immunity includes: external (barrier) defenses such as the skin and mucous membranes; and internal defenses, including I) cellular innate defenses such as phagocyte white cells, sinkholes, dendrites cells, and natural killer cells, it) antimicrobial proteins such as lezzy and interferons, and iii) inflammatory espouse Adaptive (Acquired) immunity includes: responses to antigens, which are foreign molecules from viruses, bacteria, fungi, protozoa and parasitic worms (also pollen and transplanted tissue) special cells called lymphocytes recognize and respond to specific antigens and for every antigen there will be a specific pool of lymphocytes with receptors exactly two main classes of lymp hocytes: B cells important in the production of antibodies and T cells two types Exotic T cells important in directly attacking infected cells and Helper T cells activate B cells and Exotic T cells. MUCH (major historiographys complex) molecules display antigen fragments on cell surface called antigen presentation class I MUCH molecules are found on all nucleated cells; and class II MUCH molecules found on B cells, macrophages and dendrites cells Adaptive immunity has four main characteristics: 1) diversity million(s) of different antigen receptors; 2) self-tolerance there is the lack of reactivity against an animals own molecules and cells; 3) cell proliferation activation of lymphocytes greatly increases the number of B and T cells specific for an antigen; 4) immunological Emory remembers antigens it has met before Adaptive (Acquired) immunity includes two main immune responses: humeral response defends against extracurricular pathogens antibodies attack toxins, bacteria and viruses outside cells B cells important in the humeral response and are activated by Helper T cells and once activated produce I) plasma cells which secrete antibodies that destroy invaders and I) memory cells [Fig. 43. 18, p 942 (Fig. 43. 9, p 944)] cell-mediated response defends against intracellular pathogens and cancer Exotic T cells directly attack and destroy cells infected by bacteria, viruses etc. Exotic T cells important in cell-mediated response when activated by Helper T cells and binding with infected cell displaying class I MUCH + antigen, they release performing and granaries (proteolysis enzymes), which destroy infected cells and cancer cells; memory cells are also produced [Fig. 43. 17, p 941 (Fig. 43. 18, p 944)] Helper T cells must also be activated to participate in both immune responses Helper T cells are activated after binding to a class II MUCH molecule + antigen displayed on the surface of antigen presenting cells (APPC) Lecture 5: Somersaulting and Excretion Homeostasis, p 860 (p 861) Triangulation, up 862-867 (UP 862-867) Chapter 44 (44): Somersaulting and Excretion Somersaulting, osmosis, osmotic challenges, up 953-956 (up 954-957) Structure and function of the mammalian excretory system, up 962-963 (up 962-964) Overview of excretory processes, p 960 (p 961) homeostasis = steady state regulation of the animals internal environment, so can maintain within range in which metabolic processes can occur Triangulation: process by which animals maintain body temperature in a range that allows cells to function effectively isotherms are animals, which derive most of their heat from the external environment

Greening the supply chain TLMT 441 Question1 Assignment

Greening the supply chain TLMT 441 Question1 - Assignment Example Changing goods by making them renewable may cause troubles with other business goals, like profit-realization. At times, a plan is costly to make sense for a corporation. Some simple thoughts for greening a business’ supply chain include: Reducing energy use by machine re-designing and preventive repairs. Secondly, measuring and minimizing transporting in the delivery network. Furthermore, it involves operating with suppliers to reduce surplus packaging. Equally, it comprises of incorporating recycling of products development program (Tohamy, 2009, p.10). Using smaller quantity resources, whilst still successfully retaining brand integrity, permit more well-organized resource use. Exhaustion of limited resources, decreasing dangerous constituents, and selecting cost efficient use of those resources leads to environmental sustainability. When customers get concerned with the surroundings, so should the business selling to those clients. This results in customer satisfaction. Through Green Supply Chain Managements, corporations may achieve competitive and cost advantages. Thus, more efficient resource use, rising sustainability, and consumer fulfillment all directs to the above two

Innovation in the public sector - The extent to which innovation in Literature review

Innovation in the public sector - The extent to which innovation in the public sector affects public service quality - Literature review Example This definition seems straightforward and lucid in its meaning, but it conceals the actual intricacy of this subject, as with majority of the definitions of innovation. It was observed that the innovation process is social, interactive, and extensive; numerous individuals with various resources, competencies, and capabilities have to come together in order to successfully innovate (Leadbeater, 2003). Forty years of studying innovation within the private sector and nearly twenty years of curiosity for the innovation within the public sector has demonstrated that innovation is a complex trend that comes out in the context of many interceding factors, and there exists no universal formula that can be implemented to guarantee its success (Borins, 2001). Why Innovate Within the Public Sector? At least potentially, common to all companies are political motives for innovation (Mintzberg, 1989). However, these political motives are, by nature, less acquiescent to analysis and rational planni ng. When taking into account the more strategic, economic motives, these are ostensibly more pertinent in the private sector than the public. Public companies are not likely to survive within markets where the level of competition is high. Compared to business, public companies generally exist within a more complicated social system, with values and objectives that are more vague and hard to put a figure on (March & Olsen, 1989; Lewis & Hartley, 2001, Denis, Hebert, Langley, Lozeau, & Trottier, 2002). There are also other restraints, including the desire or need to avoid â€Å"rocking the boat† for susceptible service users. On the whole, the risks are usually greater and the motivations to innovate are lower in the public sector than in the private sector. Innovation in the public sector may thus come to be regarded, at least in some situations, as an â€Å"additional burden or optional extra† (Mulgan & Albury, 2003). Then again, there are essential drivers and conten tions in favor of innovating within the public sector. The image and reputation of local and national governments can be enhanced by exploiting innovation in three key approaches. First, currently and in the UK and USA (Moore, 2005) in particular, public companies are attacked on a regular basis for their efficiency levels and service quality. They may be critically compared to private institution working in the same subject areas. Second, administrations are eager to send off a public image that will attract private investments and increase global appeal. One example can be derived from the field of academic research. This impetus is also intensely apparent in the embracing of â€Å"e-government† strategies and/or ICTs by the government and other public companies (McLoughlin et al, 2004). Third, the government must call for votes, and/or be interested in the fulfillment of manifesto obligations or austerely, in marking their identity on the public sector as an outcome of ele ctions or observed changes in public opinion. In a dynamic society, innovation is critical factor in the effectiveness of public service management (Hartley, 2005; Walker, 2004; Mulgan & Albury, 2